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pwd
显示当前位置
# pwd
/opt
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cd
切换目录
# cd nginx/
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ls
显示目录列表
常用参数：
-l 显示文件详细信息
-a 显示所有文件，包括隐藏文件和文件夹
-h 文件大小按照单位显示， K, M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y（按照1024进位）； KB, MB, ...（按照1000进位）
-R 递归列出所有子目录。
-1 每行只列出一个文件
-S 根据文件大小排序
-X 根据扩展名排序
-c 根据状态改变时间（ctime）排序
-t 根据最后修改时间（mtime）排序
-u 根据最后访问时间（atime）排序
-r 依相反次序排列
基本用法：
# ls
data log nginx redis tmp
# ls -l
total 20
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 30 09:51 data
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 30 09:51 log
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 30 09:51 nginx
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 30 09:51 redis
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 30 09:51 tmp
# ls -lh
total 20K
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Mar 30 09:51 data
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Mar 30 09:51 log
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Mar 30 09:51 nginx
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Mar 30 09:51 redis
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Mar 30 09:51 tmp
# ls -lha
total 28K
drwxr-xr-x. 7 root root 4.0K Mar 30 10:11 .
dr-xr-xr-x. 20 root root 4.0K Jan 16 13:32 ..
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Mar 30 09:51 data
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Mar 30 09:51 log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar 30 10:11 .log
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Mar 30 09:51 nginx
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Mar 30 09:51 redis
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Mar 30 09:51 tmp
文件单位：
# ls -alh --block-size=K
total 28K
drwxr-xr-x. 7 root root 4K Mar 30 10:11 .
dr-xr-xr-x. 20 root root 4K Jan 16 13:32 ..
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4K Mar 30 09:51 data
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4K Mar 30 09:51 log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0K Mar 30 10:11 .log
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4K Mar 30 09:51 nginx
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4K Mar 30 09:51 redis
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4K Mar 30 09:51 tmp
# ls -alh --block-size=G
total 1G
drwxr-xr-x. 7 root root 1G Mar 30 10:11 .
dr-xr-xr-x. 20 root root 1G Jan 16 13:32 ..
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1G Mar 30 09:51 data
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1G Mar 30 09:51 log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0G Mar 30 10:11 .log
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1G Mar 30 09:51 nginx
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1G Mar 30 09:51 redis
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1G Mar 30 09:51 tmp
# ls -alh --block-size=GB
total 1GB
drwxr-xr-x. 7 root root 1GB Mar 30 10:11 .
dr-xr-xr-x. 20 root root 1GB Jan 16 13:32 ..
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1GB Mar 30 09:51 data
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1GB Mar 30 09:51 log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0GB Mar 30 10:11 .log
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1GB Mar 30 09:51 nginx
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1GB Mar 30 09:51 redis
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1GB Mar 30 09:51 tmp
**可以发现单位是不靠谱的**
排序：
# ls -lha -t
total 28K
drwxr-xr-x. 7 root root 4.0K Mar 30 10:11 .
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar 30 10:11 .log
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Mar 30 09:51 log
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Mar 30 09:51 data
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Mar 30 09:51 tmp
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Mar 30 09:51 nginx
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Mar 30 09:51 redis
dr-xr-xr-x. 20 root root 4.0K Jan 16 13:32 ..
# ls -lha -t -r
total 28K
dr-xr-xr-x. 20 root root 4.0K Jan 16 13:32 ..
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Mar 30 09:51 redis
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Mar 30 09:51 nginx
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Mar 30 09:51 tmp
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Mar 30 09:51 data
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Mar 30 09:51 log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar 30 10:11 .log
drwxr-xr-x. 7 root root 4.0K Mar 30 10:11 .
# ls -aS
. .. data log nginx redis tmp .log
# ls -aS -r
.log tmp redis nginx log data .. .
递归文件夹：
# ls -R
.:
data log nginx redis tmp
./data:
./log:
./nginx:
./redis:
./tmp:
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tree
显示文件和目录树
常用参数：
-a：显示所有文件和目录；
-A：使用ASNI绘图字符显示树状图而非以ASCII字符组合；
-C：在文件和目录清单加上色彩，便于区分各种类型；
-d：先是目录名称而非内容；
-D：列出文件或目录的更改时间；
-f：在每个文件或目录之前，显示完整的相对路径名称；
-F：在执行文件，目录，Socket，符号连接，管道名称名称，各自加上"*"，"/"，"@"，"|"号；
-g：列出文件或目录的所属群组名称，没有对应的名称时，则显示群组识别码；
-i：不以阶梯状列出文件和目录名称；
-l：<范本样式> 不显示符号范本样式的文件或目录名称；
-l：如遇到性质为符号连接的目录，直接列出该连接所指向的原始目录；
-n：不在文件和目录清单加上色彩；
-N：直接列出文件和目录名称，包括控制字符；
-p：列出权限标示；
-P：<范本样式> 只显示符合范本样式的文件和目录名称；
-q：用“？”号取代控制字符，列出文件和目录名称；
-s：列出文件和目录大小；
-t：用文件和目录的更改时间排序；
-u：列出文件或目录的拥有者名称，没有对应的名称时，则显示用户识别码；
-x：将范围局限在现行的文件系统中，若指定目录下的某些子目录，其存放于另一个文件系统上，则将该目录予以排除在寻找范围外。
基本用法：
# tree
.
├── data
│ ├── k
│ ├── p
│ │ ├── p1
│ │ └── p2
│ └── service
├── log
├── nginx
├── redis
└── tmp
# tree /tmp
/tmp
├── hsperfdata_root
│ └── 86
├── systemd-private-b110814fff0f12b3851-chronyd.asMq
│ └── tmp
├── wrapper-666-1-in
└── wrapper-666-1-out
3 directories, 3 files
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mkdir
功能：创建目录
选项：
-m set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask
-p no error if existing, make parent directories as needed
-v print a message for each created directory
创建目录：
# mkdir data/service
同时创建多个目录：
# mkdir data/service data/p data/k data/p/p1 data/p/p2
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rmdir
删除空目录
选项：
-p 删除目录及其父目录
-v 删除文件输出提示
基本用法：
# rmdir log
# rmdir log -v
rmdir: removing directory, ‘log’
rmdir: failed to remove ‘log’: No such file or directory
# rmdir -v -p log/d3/2019
rmdir: removing directory, ‘log/d3/2019’
rmdir: removing directory, ‘log/d3’
rmdir: removing directory, ‘log’
rmdir: failed to remove directory ‘log’: Directory not empty
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touch
功能：生成新的空文件
选项：
-a change only the access time
-c, --no-create do not create any files
-d, --date=STRING parse STRING and use it instead of current time
-f (ignored)
-h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced
file (useful only on systems that can change the
timestamps of a symlink)
-m change only the modification time
-r, --reference=FILE use this file's times instead of current time
-t STAMP use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time
实例：
# touch log.log
# ls -l *.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar 30 15:30 log.log
# touch log.log -m
# ls -l *.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar 30 18:14 log.log
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cp
功能：复制文件或目录
选项：
-a, --archive same as -dR --preserve=all
--attributes-only don't copy the file data, just the attributes
--backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file
-b like --backup but does not accept an argument
--copy-contents copy contents of special files when recursive
-d same as --no-dereference --preserve=links
-f, --force if an existing destination file cannot be
opened, remove it and try again (this option
is ignored when the -n option is also used)
-i, --interactive prompt before overwrite (overrides a previous -n
option)
-H follow command-line symbolic links in SOURCE
-l, --link hard link files instead of copying
-L, --dereference always follow symbolic links in SOURCE
-n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file (overrides
a previous -i option)
-P, --no-dereference never follow symbolic links in SOURCE
-p same as --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps
--preserve[=ATTR_LIST] preserve the specified attributes (default:
mode,ownership,timestamps), if possible
additional attributes: context, links, xattr,
all
-c deprecated, same as --preserve=context
--no-preserve=ATTR_LIST don't preserve the specified attributes
--parents use full source file name under DIRECTORY
-R, -r, --recursive copy directories recursively
--reflink[=WHEN] control clone/CoW copies. See below
--remove-destination remove each existing destination file before
attempting to open it (contrast with --force)
--sparse=WHEN control creation of sparse files. See below
--strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE
argument
-s, --symbolic-link make symbolic links instead of copying
-S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix
-t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY
-T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file
-u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer
than the destination file or when the
destination file is missing
-v, --verbose explain what is being done
-x, --one-file-system stay on this file system
-Z set SELinux security context of destination
file to default type
实例：
# cp log.log log1.log
# ls -l *.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar 30 18:18 log1.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar 30 18:14 log.log
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mv
功能：移动文件或目录
选项：
--backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file
-b like --backup but does not accept an argument
-f, --force do not prompt before overwriting
-i, --interactive prompt before overwrite
-n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file
If you specify more than one of -i, -f, -n, only the final one takes effect.
--strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE
argument
-S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix
-t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY
-T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file
-u, --update move only when the SOURCE file is newer
than the destination file or when the
destination file is missing
-v, --verbose explain what is being done
-Z, --context set SELinux security context of destination
file to default type
实例：
# mv a.bat b.dat -v -f
‘a.bat’ -> ‘b.dat’
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rm
功能：删除文件或目录
选项：
-f, --force ignore nonexistent files and arguments, never prompt
-i prompt before every removal
-I prompt once before removing more than three files, or
when removing recursively; less intrusive than -i,
while still giving protection against most mistakes
--interactive[=WHEN] prompt according to WHEN: never, once (-I), or
always (-i); without WHEN, prompt always
--one-file-system when removing a hierarchy recursively, skip any
directory that is on a file system different from
that of the corresponding command line argument
--no-preserve-root do not treat '/' specially
--preserve-root do not remove '/' (default)
-r, -R, --recursive remove directories and their contents recursively
-d, --dir remove empty directories
-v, --verbose explain what is being done
实例：
# rm log log.log -f -v
rm: cannot remove ‘log’: Is a directory
removed ‘log.log’